20 March

NEW - Ovid - Roman poet

Writer of Metamorphoses who was mysteriously exiled

Publius Ovidius Naso, better known as the poet, Ovid, was born on this day in 43 BC in Sumo in the Roman empire, a city which is now called Sulmona, and is in the region of Abruzzo.  The poet is mainly remembered for his work, Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which is essentially a manual on seduction written in verse, for the use of the man about town, and for his mythological epic poem, Metamorphoses.  His poetry was to have immense influence on later writers, because of its imaginative interpretation of classical mythology and its technical accomplishment.  Ovid essentially wrote his own life story in the autobiographical poem collection Tristia (Sorrows). His family was well to do and sent him and his brother to Rome to be educated. He studied rhetoric under the best teachers of his day and was considered to have a future as an orator, but he neglected his studies to spend more time on writing verses.  He was intended by his father for an official career but first spent time in Athens and travelled in Asia and Sicily.  Afterwards, he held some minor judicial positions, but he decided that the life didn’t suit him and abandoned his posts to spend his time writing poetry and meeting other poets.  Read more…

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Fulco di Verdura - jeweller

Exclusive brand favoured by stars and royalty

The man behind the exclusive jewellery brand Verdura was born Fulco Santostefano della Cerda, Duke of Verdura, on this day in 1898 in Palermo. Usually known as Fulco di Verdura, he founded the Verdura company in 1939, when he opened a shop on Fifth Avenue in New York and became one of the premier jewellery designers of the 20th century.  Well connected through his own heritage and through his friendship with the songwriter Cole Porter, Verdura found favour with royalty and with movie stars.  Among his clients were the Duchess of Windsor - the former socialite Wallis Simpson - and stars such as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Rita Hayworth, Katharine Hepburn, Paulette Goddard, Millicent Rogers and Marlene Dietrich.  Although Verdura died in 1978, the company lives on and continues to specialise in using large, brightly coloured gemstones. The most expensive gemstone ever sold at auction, the so-called Oppenheimer Blue diamond, was set in a ring designed by Verdura. It changed hands at Christie's in Geneva for $50.6 million (£34.7 million) in May 2016.  The last to bear the now defunct Sicilian title of Duke of Verdura, Fulco grew up in aristocratic surroundings.  Read more…

Azeglio Vicini - 1990 World Cup coach

Semi-final heartbreak ended dream of victory on home soil

Azeglio Vicini, the coach who led Italy to the semi-finals when the nation hosted the 1990 World Cup finals, was born in the city of Cesena in Emilia-Romagna, on this day in 1934. Vicini worked for the Italian Football Federation for an unbroken 23 years in various roles, having joined their technical staff in 1968 after less than one season as a coach at club level. He was head coach of the Italy Under-23 and Italy Under-21 teams before succeeding World Cup winner Enzo Bearzot as coach of the senior Italy side in 1986.  Vicini's brief with the senior team was an onerous one.  When Italy won the right to host the 1990 World Cup finals there was an expectation among Italian football's hierarchy that a nation with such a proud history should be capable of winning the tournament on home soil. Responsibility for producing a team good enough rested squarely on Vicini's shoulders but he was well prepared, having guided his under-21 team to the later stages of the European Championships consistently and brought through the likes of Roberto Mancini, Giuseppe Giannini, Roberto Donadoni, Walter Zenga and Gianluca Vialli.  Read more…

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Giampiero Moretti - entrepreneur racing driver

Gentleman racer behind ubiquitous Momo accessories brand

Giampiero Moretti, a motor racing enthusiast who made his fortune almost literally by reinventing the wheel, was born on this day in 1940 in Milan.  Known as 'the last of the gentleman racers' because of his unfailing courtesy, refined manners and an unquenchable determination to succeed on the track, Moretti made a profound mark on the sport through his ergonomic rethink of the racecar steering wheel.  Steering wheels were traditionally large and made of steel or polished wood but Moretti saw that reducing the diameter of the wheel would cut the effort needed by the driver to steer the car, helping him conserve energy and creating a more comfortable driving position.  He also covered the wheel with leather to improve the driver's grip, and gave it a contoured surface.  He made the first one for a car he planned to race himself and there was soon interest among other drivers and he began to make more wheels.  His big break came when Ferrari invited him to design a leather wheel for their Formula One car.  Enzo Ferrari himself was a traditionalist who took some persuading that the tried-and-tested old steering wheel was not the best.  Read more…

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Book of the Day: Metamorphoses: A New Verse Translation, by Ovid. Translated by David Raeburn, with an introduction by Denis Feeney

Ovid's sensuous and witty poem begins with the creation of the world and brings together a dazzling array of mythological tales, ingeniously linked by the idea of transformation - often as a result of love or lust - where men and women find themselves magically changed into extraordinary new beings. Including the well-known stories of Daedalus and Icarus, Pyramus and Thisbe, Pygmalion, Perseus and Andromeda, and the fall of Troy, the Metamorphoses has influenced writers and artists from Shakespeare and Chaucer to Picasso and Ted Hughes. This translation by David Raeburn is in hexameter verse, which brilliantly captures the energy and spontaneity of the original.

Publius Ovidius Naso, known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. David Raeburn was an Oxford University classics tutor, specialising in translating and directing Greek drama. Denis Feeney is Professor of Classics and Giger Professor of Latin at Princeton University in New Jersey.

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Ovid - Roman poet

Writer of Metamorphoses who was mysteriously exiled

The poet Ovid was noted for his imaginative
interpretation of classical mythology

Publius Ovidius Naso, better known as the poet, Ovid, was born on this day in 43 BC in Sumo in the Roman empire, a city which is now called Sulmona, and is in the region of Abruzzo.

The poet is mainly remembered for his work, Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which is essentially a manual on seduction written in verse, for the use of the man about town, and for his mythological epic poem, Metamorphoses.

His poetry was to have immense influence on later writers, because of its imaginative interpretation of classical mythology and its technical accomplishment.

Ovid essentially wrote his own life story in the autobiographical poem collection Tristia (Sorrows). His family was well to do and sent him and his brother to Rome to be educated. He studied rhetoric under the best teachers of his day and was considered to have a future as an orator, but he neglected his studies to spend more time on writing verses.

He was intended by his father for an official career but first spent time in Athens and travelled in Asia and Sicily.  Afterwards, he held some minor judicial positions, but he decided that the life didn’t suit him and abandoned his posts to spend his time writing poetry and meeting other poets.

His first work, Amores (The Loves) was successful straight away and was followed by his Epistles of the Heroines, The Art of Beauty, The Art of Love and Remedies for Love. These works all reflected the sophisticated, pleasure-seeking society in which he circulated.

Ovid had three marriages himself. The first two were brief and ended in divorce, but Ovid always spoke of his third wife with affection and respect, and she remained faithful to him and represented his interests until his death.

Eugène Delacroix's painting Ovid among the 
Scythians depicted the poet's life in exile

While living in Rome, Ovid socialized with other poets, including Horace. He was working on other more ambitious projects, including his works Metamorphoses and The Fasti, when he suffered a major blow.

In 8 AD, the Emperor Augustus banished him to Tomis, which was near modern day Constanta in Romania.

The reason for his exile is not fully known and was never explained clearly by Ovid himself. It has been suggested that it could have resulted from some of his poetry, or that he could have been an involuntary accomplice in the adultery of the emperor’s granddaughter, who was banished at about the same time.

It suggests that either his writing, or his behaviour, was perceived by Augustus to be damaging to his programme of moral reform and to the honour of the imperial family.

Ovid’s punishment did not involve the loss of his property, and so his wife remained in Rome to intercede for him and to protect his interests.

The second volume of a 1727 edition of
Ovid's Metamorphoses, published in London

He never stopped hoping for the chance to return to Rome and kept up a flow of pleas to the emperor, through his wife and friends, in his Letters from the Black Sea, but Augustus and his successor, Tiberius were unmoved. Ovid died in Tomis in 17 AD.

Ovid is regarded as one of the greatest poets of all time and his popularity during his own lifetime has continued over the centuries since. In the 12th and 13th centuries, his poetry was being read in schools and performed by troubadours.

He became even more popular during the Renaissance and by the 15th century, printed editions of his work were being produced, and some knowledge of his work was taken for granted in an educated man.

Over the centuries, poets and artists have been indebted to him for their own inspiration. Metamorphoses - a collection of Greek and Roman myths about transformations - remains one of the most important sources of classical mythology to this date. Shakespeare, Goethe, and Ezra Pound have all followed in his footsteps with their own poetry.

Sulmona's historic centre; the arches in the
foreground carried a Roman aqueduct 

Travel tip:

Sulmona, where Ovid was born, is a town and comune - municipality - in the province of L’Aquila in Abruzzo, about 66km (41 miles) southeast of the city of the same name and just under 150km (93 miles) east of Rome. There is a bronze statue of Ovid in Sulmona’s Piazza XX Settembre, and the city's main thoroughfare, which connects the cathedral and the major piazzas and is lined by elegant covered arcades, shops, cafes, palaces, and churches, is named Corso Ovidio after him. The town’s biggest square, Piazza Garibaldi, hosts a palio-style festival and horse race known as the Giostra Cavalleresca every summer. Sulmona, which is renowned as one of the prettiest towns in the region, is the home of the Italian confection known as confetti.  These are the colourful, sugar-coated almonds, which are given to guests at weddings and other celebrations in Italy. Sulmona is situated in a part of Italy of outstanding natural beauty, on the Valle Peligna plain, adjacent to the Maiella National Park. 

Historic trabucchi platforms are still used by
the fishermen of the Abruzzo coast

Travel tip:

Abruzzo is a region of southern Italy with a coastline along the Adriatic Sea. It borders the regions of Marche, Lazio and Molise and has some of the highest mountain peaks in the Apennines, such as the Gran Sasso d’Italia and the Maiella. Almost half of Abruzzo’s territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves. This is to ensure the survival of some of its rare species, such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo chamois and the Marsican brown bear. The region has also become famous for producing wines such as Montepulciano d’Abruzzo, Trebbiano d’Abruzzo, Pecorino and Chardonnay.  Although renowned for its mountainous interior, the region also boasts 133km (82 miles) of coastline, stretching north and south of the resort city of Pescara, the birthplace of writer, patriot and politician Gabriele D’Annunzio. Beautiful sandy beaches characterise the northern part of the coastline, while the rockier southern stretch is notable for the sight of trabucchi or trabocchi, the ancient fishing machines on stilts that jut out over the water, built almost entirely of logs, planks and beams, that D’Annunzio himself described as resembling "the colossal skeleton of a prehistoric amphibian".

Also on this day:

1898: The birth of jeweller Fulco di Verdura

1934: The birth of football coach Azeglio Vicini

1940: The birth of entrepreneur racing driver Giampiero Moretti

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19 March

Francesco Gasparini – musician and writer

Opera composer who gave Vivaldi a job

Francesco Gasparini, one of the great Baroque composers, whose works were performed all over Europe, was born on this day in 1661 in Camaiore near Lucca in Tuscany.  Gasparini also worked as a music teacher and was musical director of the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice for about 15 years, where he made the inspired decision to employ a 25-year-old Antonio Vivaldi as a violin master.  By the age of 17, Gasparini was a member of the Philharmonic Academy of Bologna. He moved to Rome, where he studied under the musicians Arcangelo Corelli and Bernardo Pasquini. His first important opera, Roderico, was produced there in 1694.  After arriving in Venice in 1702, he became one of the leading composers in the city. He wrote the first opera to use the story of Hamlet - Ambleto - in 1705, although he did not base the work on Shakespeare’s play.  Gasparini was appointed musical director of the Ospedale della Pietà, an orphanage in Venice where young girls received a musical education. The most talented pupils stayed on to become members of the Ospedale’s orchestra and choir.  Read more…

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Giuseppe Mercalli - seismologist

Scientist who invented Mercalli Scale died in fire

The seismologist and volcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli, who at the time of his death was director of the Vesuvius Observatory, died in a fire at his home in Naples on this day in 1914.  The initial suspicion was that Mercalli, who devised a scale for determining the strength of earthquakes according to the intensity of shaking, had knocked over a paraffin lamp accidentally after falling asleep while working late.  However, an examination of his remains suggested he may have been strangled after disturbing an intruder, who then soaked his clothes in petrol before setting light to them. A sum of money worth the equivalent of $1,400 (€1,250) today was missing, although no one was ever apprehended for the crime.  Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and became a professor of Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan, although he left under something of a cloud because of his support for Antonio Rosmini, a controversial priest and philosopher who campaigned for social justice and was fiercely critical of various aspects of how the Roman Catholic church operated.  Read more…

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Filippo Mazzei – physician and businessman

Liberal thinker was praised by John F Kennedy

Globe-trotting doctor Filippo Mazzei, who was a close friend of the American president, Thomas Jefferson, died on this day in 1816 in Pisa in Tuscany.  During the American Revolutionary War, Mazzei had acted as an agent for Jefferson, purchasing arms for Virginia.  President John F Kennedy paid tribute to Mazzei’s contribution to the Declaration of Independence in his book, A Nation of Immigrants.  Mazzei was born in 1730 in Poggio a Caiano in Tuscany. He studied medicine in Florence and then practised in both Italy and Turkey. He moved to London in 1755 and set himself up in business as an importer, while also working as an Italian teacher.  In London he met both Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, who would become two of the Founding Fathers, and came up with the idea of importing Tuscan products, such as wine and olive trees, to the New World.  In 1773 Mazzei boarded a ship from Livorno to Virginia, taking with him plants, seeds, silkworms and farmers from Lucca.  He visited Jefferson at his estate in Virginia and was given a large piece of land to start an experimental plantation.  Mazzei and Jefferson started what was to become the first commercial vineyard in Virginia.  Read more…

Mario Monti – prime minister

‘Super Mario’ stepped in during debt crisis

Economist Mario Monti, who was prime minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013, was born on this day in 1943 in Varese in Lombardy.  Monti was invited by Italian president Giorgio Napolitano to form a new government after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi in November 2011 in the middle of the European debt crisis.  Monti, who was the 54th prime minister of Italy, led a government of technocrats, who introduced austerity measures in Italy.  Monti was born in Varese and, after attending a private school, went to Bocconi University in Milan, where he obtained a degree in Economics.  He was a European commissioner from 1994 to 1999, where he obtained the nickname ‘Super Mario’ from his colleagues and the Press.  In 1999 the prime minister at the time, Massimo D’Alema, appointed him to the new Prodi Commission, giving him responsibility for Competition.  He was made a lifetime senator by Giorgio Napolitano in November 2011 and a few days later he was invited to form a new government following Berlusconi’s resignation.  He appointed a technocratic cabinet composed entirely of unelected professionals.  Read more…

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Benito Jacovitti - cartoonist

Multiple comic characters loved by generations

Benito Jacovitti, who would become Italy's most famous cartoonist, was born on this day in 1923 in the Adriatic coastal town of Termoli.  Jacovitti drew for a number of satirical magazines and several newspapers but also produced much work aimed at children and young adults.  His characters became the constant companions of generations of schoolchildren for more than 30 years via the pages of Diario Vitt, the school diary produced by the publishers of the Catholic comic magazine Il Vittorioso, which had a huge readership among teenagers and young adults, and for which Jacovitti drew from 1939 until it closed in 1969.  Jacovitti gave life to such characters as "the three Ps" - Pippo, Pertica and Pallo - as well as Chicchiriccì and Jack Mandolino via their cartoon adventures in Il Vittorioso, introduced Zorry Kid, a parody of Zorro, through a later association with children's journal Il Corriere del Picoli, and the cowboy Cocco Bill, who emerged during his 10-year stint as cartoonist for the daily newspaper, Il Giorno.  Born Benito Franco Iacovitti, he was the son of a railway worker.  Read more…

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Festa del Papà - Father’s Day

Italian celebration always takes place on 19 March

Today in Italy is a celebration day in honour of the nation’s fathers.  La Festa del Papà - Italy’s equivalent of Father’s Day - owes its history to La Festa di San Giuseppe - St Joseph’s Day - the annual celebration that has been held since the Middle Ages to recognise the role of Joseph, the husband of Mary, as the legal if not the biological father of Jesus Christ.  In Catholic tradition, Saint Joseph is the embodiment of the ideal father, a strong, pious character perfectly suited to fulfil his role as protector of and provider for his family.  For many years, the Festa di San Giuseppe - which always falls on March 19, regardless of whether it is a weekday or a weekend - remained a largely religious celebration. But, thanks to the growth of commercialism around family celebration days, it has taken a lead from Father’s Days around the world, and in particular the United States, and expanded into something bigger.  So nowadays, in common with Father’s Days around the world, La Festa del Papà is an occasion for children to show their appreciation and affection for their own fathers by making cards and giving treats and gifts.  Read more…

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Book of the Day: Vivaldi: Voice of the Baroque, by H C Robbins Landon

There is no mistaking the Vivaldi sound. Robbins Landon calls it a "wiry, nervous sound, with that concentration of rhythmic designs which, once experienced, is literally unforgettable". Even those who have never listened to another piece of classical music know The Four Seasons. Vivaldi's music is deeply personal and sharply characterized; the man behind it is fascinating - a Catholic priest who gave up celebrating Mass almost as soon as he was ordained and who shared his house with an attractive soprano; a lifelong invalid who could travel all over Europe when it suited him; a dazzling violin virtuoso whose compositions captivated Venice but who died poor and forgotten in Vienna. New compositions by Vivaldi are still being brought to light, as are letters and documents connected with his life. In Vivaldi: Voice of the Baroque, H C Robbins Landon brings his expertise to bear on Vivaldi. Every document that sheds light on the composer's career is translated complete. The book's strength is in Professor Robbins Landon's integration of analysis and biography, using each to illuminate the other and unravel the riddle of Vivaldi's identity and extraordinary gift.

Howard Chandler Robbins Landon was an American musicologist, journalist, historian and broadcaster, best known for his work in rediscovering the huge body of neglected music by Haydn and in correcting misunderstandings about Mozart. Long associated with The Times newspaper in London, Robbins Landon also had professorial posts at Queen's College, New York; the University of California; Cardiff University; and Middlebury College, Vermont.

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18 March

The Five Days of Milan

Citizens rebel to drive out ruling Austrians

The Five Days of Milan, one of the most significant episodes of the Risorgimento, began on this day in 1848 as the citizens of Milan rebelled against Austrian rule.  More than 400 Milanese citizens were killed and a further 600 wounded but after five days of street battles the Austrian commander, Marshal Josef Radetzky, withdrew his 13,000 troops from the city.  The 'Cinque Giornate' uprising sparked the First Italian War of Independence between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire.  Much of northern Italy was under Austrian rule in the early part of the 19th century and they maintained a harsh regime. Elsewhere, governments were introducing social reform, especially in Rome but also in Sicily, Salerno and Naples after riots against the Bourbon King Ferdinand II.  Ferdinand, ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) of Savoy, in the Kingdom of Sardinia, adopted a new constitution, limiting the power of the monarchy, and Pope Pius IX in the Papal States followed suit a little later.  The response of the Austrians was to seek a still tighter grip on their territories in Lombardy-Venetia.  Read more…

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Alessandro Alessandroni – composer

Versatile musician became famous for his haunting whistle

Alessandro Alessandroni, the composer of more than 40 film scores who could play many different musical instruments, was born on this day in 1925 in Soriano nel Cimino near Viterbo.  As a child he was a friend of Ennio Morricone and the two of them went on to collaborate on many soundtracks for spaghetti western films.  Alessandroni also founded the 16-member vocal group I Cantori Moderni (The Modern Choristers) in 1961. His first wife, the singer Giulia De Mutiis, was a member of the group, who performed wordless vocals on many Italian film soundtracks, as was Edda Dell’Orso, whose exceptional voice also featured in Morricone’s scores.  Most notably they sang Mah Na Mah Na for the film Sweden Heaven and Hell, a song which was later popularised by The Muppet Show.  Alessandroni learnt to play the guitar, mandolin, mandoloncello, sitar, accordion and piano. His family barbershop in Soriano nel Cimino became a favourite gathering place for local musical talent. He says of this time: ‘We had a guitar, mandolin and a mandola. We didn’t do much business but we made a lot of music.’  Read more…

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Bobby Solo - pop singer

Sixties star found fame after Sanremo disqualification

Bobby Solo, who was twice winner of Italy's prestigious Sanremo Festival yet had his biggest hit with a song that was disqualified, was born Roberto Satti on this day in 1945 in Rome.  The singer and songwriter won the contest in 1965 and again in 1969 but it was the controversy over his 1964 entry that thrust him into the spotlight and sent him to the top of the Italian singles charts with the first record to sell more than one million copies in Italy. To emphasise that the competition was to select the best song, rather than the best artist, each entry was sung by two artists, one a native Italian, the other an international guest star. In 1964, Solo was paired with the American singer Frankie Laine to showcase Una lacrima sul viso (A Tear on Your Face).  Laine performed the song in English but Solo was stricken with a throat problem. Rather than withdraw, he sang the song with the help of a backing track, only to be told afterwards that this was against the rules. The song was disqualified but attracted such attention that it became a huge hit, topping the Italian singles chart for eight weeks. Sales in Italy and other countries eventually topped two million.  Read more…

Gian Francesco Malipiero – composer and musicologist

Musician revived interest in Monteverdi and composed music in the same spirit

A composer and editor whose work helped to rekindle interest in pre-19th century Italian music, Gian Francesco Malipiero, was born on this day in 1882 in Venice.  Malipiero’s own output, which included operas and orchestral works, has been assessed by experts as fusing modern techniques with the stylistic qualities of early Italian music.  The composer was born into an aristocratic Venetian family and was the grandson of the opera composer Francesco Malipiero. He studied music at the Vienna conservatory and then returned to Venice to carry on his studies. He used to copy out the music of Claudio Monteverdi and Girolamo Frescobaldi at the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, which inspired his love of music from that period. He moved to Bologna to continue his studies and after graduating, returned to Venice and became an assistant to the blind composer Antonio Smareglia, which he later said taught him a great deal.  In 1913 he travelled to Paris where he was influenced by the music he heard there, from composers such as Ravel and Debussy. He attended the premiere of an opera by Stravinsky, La Sacre du Printemps, and described this experience as like awakening from a ‘long and dangerous lethargy.’  Read more…

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Mount Vesuvius – the 1944 eruption

The last time the volcano was seen to blow its top

Mount Vesuvius, the huge volcano looming over the bay of Naples, last erupted on this day in 1944.  Vesuvius is the only volcano on mainland Europe to have erupted during the last 100 years and is regarded as a constant worry because of its history of explosive eruptions and the large number of people living close by.  It is most famous for its eruption in AD 79, which buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum and is believed to have killed thousands of people.  An eyewitness account of the eruption, in which tons of stones, ash and fumes were ejected from the cone, has been left behind for posterity by Pliny the Younger in his letters to the historian, Tacitus.  There were at least three larger eruptions of Vesuvius before AD 79 and there have been many since. In 1631 a major eruption buried villages under lava flows and killed about 300 people and the volcano then continued to erupt every few years.  The eruption, which started on 18 March 1944 and went on for several days, destroyed three villages nearby and about 80 planes belonging to the US Army Air Forces, which were based at an airfield close to Pompeii.   Read more…

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Book of the Day: The Italian Risorgimento, by Martin Clark

The Unification of Italy in the 19th century was the unlikely result of the lengthy and complex process of Italian revival known as Risorgimento. Few Italians supported unification and the new rulers of Italy were unable to resolve their disputes with the Catholic Church, the local power-holders in the South and the peasantry. In this fascinating account, Martin Clark examines these problems and considers:  the economic, social and religious contexts of unification, as well as the diplomatic and military aspects; the roles of Cavour and Garibaldi and also the wider European influences, particularly those of Britain and France; and the recent historiographical shift away from uncritical celebration of the achievement of Italian unity.  Did 'Italian Unification' mean anything more than traditional Piedmontese expansionism? Was it simply an aspect of European 'secularisation'? Did it involve 'state-building', or just repression? In exploring these questions and more, Martin Clark offers the ideal introductory account for anyone wishing to understand how modern Italy was born.  This new edition of The Italian Risorgimento has been revised in the light of recent research and now has a greater emphasis on the losers of the conflict, the impact of unification on the south, and the complexity of the political realities of the times. It has also been updated with useful additional material such as a Who’s Who and a plate section to go alongside its carefully chosen selection of original documents.

Martin Clark was a British historian noted for his work on modern Italy. A former Reader in the Department of Politics at Edinburgh University, he published at least four books and is best known for Modern Italy: 1871 to the Present. 

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