Costa Concordia tragedy

Shipwreck off Tuscany coast cost 32 lives

The partially submerged hull of the Costa Concordia
off Isola del Giglio, on the coast of Tuscany

A fatal accident involving the luxury cruise ship Costa Concordia took place on this day in 2012, resulting in the loss of 32 lives.

The captain, Francesco Schettino, was ultimately prosecuted and found guilty of manslaughter, receiving a 16-year jail sentence.

The tragedy began to unfold at 9.45pm as the €450 million vessel, carrying 3,206 passengers and 1,023 crew, struck rocks close to Isola del Giglio, off the coast of southern Tuscany.

The Costa Concordia, at 290m long Italy’s largest cruise ship when launched in 2005, was en route from the Tyrrhenian port of Civitavecchia to Savona in Liguria on the first leg of a seven-day Mediterranean cruise.

Its course along the Italian coastline involved passing between Isola del Giglio, an island of 23.80 sq km (9.19 sq mi), and the promontory of Monte Argentario, some 16km (10 miles) to the east, but well away from the coastline of each.

On the night of 13 January, 2012, however, the Costa Concordia deviated considerably from its normal course after Schettino ordered the ship to be steered close to Isola del Giglio in a manoeuvre known as a maritime “salute” to the island’s 1,400 residents, sounding the ship’s horns as it brushed the shore, the darkness making it a spectacular sight.

The scene off Isola del Giglio in the hours after
the collision as rescuers battled to save survivors

Schettino was said to have performed the manoeuvre several times before without mishap but on this occasion it went catastrophically wrong.

Spotting a reef ahead of him, linked to a group of rocks known as Le Scole, Schettino gave orders to change course but a miscommunication between the captain and his helmsman meant that the vessel was at first turned in the wrong direction. It was corrected quickly enough for the bow to be steered away from the rocks but, at a speed of 16 knots, the Costa Concordia’s stern struck the reef, opening up a 53m (174ft) gash on the port side.

The ship quickly began to take on water, flooding the engine rooms and causing a loss of power, which affected both the engines and the electricity supply on board.  Damage to the rudder also meant the ship could not be steered, and the wind blew the boat back toward the island, where it eventually ran aground near the shore. 

For the first half hour after the Concordia struck the reef, Schettino told the passengers on board and the coastguard, who contacted the ship after frightened passengers began to call the police, only that there was a blackout.

The route of the Mediterranean cruise that the
ill-fated Costa Concordia was to have followed

At 10.22pm, according to coastguard records, after a crew member had confirmed that the vessel was taking on water, he requested tugboats. It was not until 10.54pm, however, by which time the Concordia had come to rest on the seabed and was tilting at 30 degrees, that he gave the order to abandon ship, although by that time some lifeboats had already been launched and the first rescue vessel had arrived. 

Schettino made his own position worse by leaving the bridge, reportedly at just before 11.20pm, and soon afterwards was seen in a lifeboat. Later, he claimed that he had fallen off the Concordia after losing his footing on the tilting deck and had the good fortune to land in a lifeboat. Yet, according to the coastguard, when he was ordered to return to the vessel because passengers were still on board, he refused. 

By early morning, a rescue operation involving 25 coastguard boats, 14 merchant ships and many helicopters had evacuated 4,194 people before conditions forced the search to be temporarily suspended. Three more individuals, including the ship’s safety officer, Marrico Giampietroni, who had suffered a broken leg, were freed by divers later but there were no more survivors. 

The bodies of most of the remaining victims were recovered by divers over the next couple of weeks but, agonisingly for relatives, some remained unaccounted for until the salvage operation was allowed to begin after 2,400 tonnes of fuel had been safely extracted from the Concordia’s tanks.

Rescued passengers waiting to board a ferry
to take them to the mainland

Indeed, the last body was not recovered until November 2014, by which time the Concordia had been towed to Genoa to be dismantled.

Criminal charges were levelled against several crew members, including Schettino. In July 2013, four crew members who entered guilty pleas in response to various charges, including manslaughter, received sentences of less than three years. 

After being denied a plea bargain, Schettino went on trial charged with manslaughter, causing the wreck and abandoning ship. In February 2015, he was convicted on all charges and sentenced to more than 16 years in prison, upheld on appeal. 

The cost of the disaster, including victims' compensation, refloating, towing and scrapping costs, was estimated to be around €1.75bn ($2bn), almost four times the original cost of the Costa Concordia.

Cannelle beach on Isola del Giglio,
a popular tourist destination

Travel tip:

Despite its unwanted association with tragedy, Isola del Giglio retains its reputation as a beautiful destination for tourists. After Elba, the second largest of the islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, blessed with sandy beaches and isolated coves, and crystal clear waters.  It has 28m of coastline, with extensive beaches at Campese, Cannelle, Arenella and Caldane, the last-named accessible only on foot or by boat. The main villages are Giglio Porto, the island’s only harbour, which has narrow streets and multicolored houses, and the charming Giglio Castello, where within its medieval walls little seems to have changed over centuries.

A satellite photograph that shows how much
of the promontory is covered with trees

Travel tip:

The promontory of Monte Argentario, once an island, is linked to the southern Tuscany coast by flimsy strips of land, now covered in woodland. The pretty harbour town of Porto Ercole is a popular weekend destination with a waterfront that buzzes with summer nightlife.  By contrast, much of the rest of the peninsula is quiet and rugged and notable for its mild microclimate, which allows for an abundance of plants and wildlife to thrive. Porto Santo Stefano, on the northern side of the promontory, is the largest town and is served by ferries to the Tuscan islands.

Also on this day:

1869: The birth of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta

1898: The birth of operatic baritone Carlo Tagliabue

1936: The birth of operatic baritone Renato Bruson

1950: The birth of actress and author Veronica De Laurentiis

1970: The birth of cycling champion Marco Pantani

(Pics by Paolo de Falco, Roberto Vongher, Soerfm via Wikimedia Commons)

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Italy elects its first parliament

1861 vote preceded proclamation of new Kingdom

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was
named Italy's first prime minister

Italians went to the polls for the first time as a nation state on this day in 1861 to elect a parliament in anticipation of the peninsula becoming a unified country.

The vote was a major milestone in the Risorgimento - the movement to bring together the different states of the region as one country - enabling there to be a parliament in place the following month and for deputies to declare Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia as the first King of Italy in March.

The first parliament convened in Turin as Rome remained under the control of the Papal States until it was captured by the Italian army in 1870.

The body comprised 443 deputies representing 59 provinces. Some provinces, such as Benevento, near Naples, elected just one deputy, whereas the major cities elected many more. Turin, for example, chose 19 deputies, Milan and Naples 18 each.

The eligibility rules were so specific that of a population of around 22 million, only 418,696 people were entitled to vote.

In line with the procedures set down in the electoral laws of the Kingdom of Sardinia, only men could vote - women were not fully enfranchised in Italy until 1945 - and only men aged 25 and above who were literate and paid a certain amount of taxes, in most cases at least 40 lire per year. 

The new parliament proclaimed
Victor Emmanuel II as king

The election was in two stages, the voting on 27 January being followed by, where necessary, a second ballot a week later on 3 February.  A second vote took place only when no candidate received more than 50 per cent of the vote or the equivalent of one-third of the registered voters in the constituency.

Of the 418,696 who could have voted, only 239,583 actually did and 10,000 votes were declared invalid, which meant that the first government was decided by barely one percent of the population.  The turnout was not helped by the Pope demanding that Catholics take no part.

In the absence of political parties as would be recognised today, the candidates representing blocs according to their values.

The group known as the Destra Storico - the Historical Right - comprised conservatives and monarchists and was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the former prime minister of Sardinia, an experienced statesman who had been an important figure in the drive to unification.

Against the Right, the Sinistra Storica - the Historical Left - was made up of liberals and centrists, led by Urbano Rattazzi.

The election was also contested by the Historical Far Left - also known as the Partito d’Azione - the radical grouping led by the revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini and with which Giuseppe Garibaldi also alligned himself.

Mazzini and Garibaldi were also key figures in the Risorgimento, but in a different way from Cavour.  Mazzini, often described as the movement's ideological inspiration, had been behind many uprisings from the 1830s onwards as Italians rebelled against the rule of oppressive foreign powers and Garibaldi led the military campaign to unite the peninsula. Mazzini, in particular, wanted the new country to be a republic.

Mazzini's party was not
widely supported

In the event, perhaps not surprisingly given the natural political alliances of those eligible to vote, Mazzini’s group polled a mere 2.3 percent of the popular vote, which swung heavily behind Cavour’s Historical Right, which received 46.1 percent against 20.4 percent for Rattazzi’s Historical Left.

Cavour was duly elected prime minister and parliament convened for the first time on 4 March in Turin, where 13 days later they proclaimed the new Kingdom of Italy and confirmed Victor Emmanuel as the first monarch.

As King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel had appointed Cavour as prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont. The new king’s insistence on ruling as Victor Emmanuel II - as he had called himself in Sardinia in respect of his ancestor Victor Emmanuel I - upset some factions, who felt it implied that Italy was actually ruled by the House of Savoy.

Cavour’s term in office proved to be brief, in the event, as the stress of the job, dominated by the question of how to bring Rome and Venice into the new kingdom to make it fully unified, took its toll. He succumbed to malaria and died after only 75 days in office, at the age of just 50.

Palazzo Carignano, birthplace of the King, where
Italy's first parliament met in 1861

Travel tip:

The first Italian parliament met in Palazzo Carignano in Turin, the house in which Victor Emmanuel II was born. Designed by the Piedmontese architect Guarino Guarini, the Baroque palace in Via Accademia delle Scienze dates back to 1679. It now houses the National Museum of the Risorgimento, the biggest of 23 museums in Italy devoted to the movement.  The building has a lavish interior with many frescoes, some by Stefano Legnani, a painter of the Baroque period who was known in his native Milan as Legnanino.

The medieval Grinzane Castle was Cavour's
home for 31 years until his death

Travel tip:

Camillo Benso di Cavour, Italy’s first prime minister, hailed from a background in Turin nobility. He was the second son of the fourth Marquess of Cavour and for a large part of his life lived at the 13th century castle of Grinzane Cavour near Turin, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage site. Born in 1810, Cavour lived there from 1830 until his death in 1861. During his stays there he restored the building and improved the cultivation of the vines in the area. Today, the castle has rooms dedicated to Cavour as well as the Cavour Regional Enoteca, which showcases the best wines produced in the region.

More reading:

How Giuseppe Mazzini was the ideological inspiration for the Risorgimento

Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand

How the capture of Rome completed Italian unification

Also on this day:

98: Trajan becomes Emperor of Rome

1881: The birth of mobster Frank Nitti

1901: The death of composer Giuseppe Verdi

1962: The birth of composer and film director Roberto Paci Dalò

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Find out more:

A Concise History of Italy, by Christopher Duggan. Buy from

(Picture credit: Grinzane Castle by Sbisolo via Wikimedia Commons)

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